Browsing by Author "Appiah-Effah, Eugene"

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    Life Cycle Cost of Sustainable Wash Service Delivery: a Case Study of Bosomtwe-Atwima-Kwanwoma District (BAKD)
    (2009-08-18) Appiah-Effah, Eugene
    The main aim of the study was to estimate the life cycle cost of sustainable water and sanitation service delivery and the quality of service delivered. The life cycle cost analysis involved investment, capital maintenance, operation and maintenance and support costs and were used to assess how project sustainability throughout the facility life will be achieved. The study was conducted on one (1) small town water supply scheme in Kuntanase, three (3) boreholes with hand pump one each in Kuntanase, Abono and Petriensa and three (3) household latrines in Kuntanase. The design life of the WASH facilities was considered to be twenty (20) years. Data was gathered from stakeholders at all levels by means of interviews and administration of questionnaires. The stakeholders included the Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA), District Assembly (DA)/District Water and Sanitation Team (DWST), Water and Sanitation Development Boards (WSDBs), Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) committee members, and Community members. The costs of investment, operation and maintenance, capital maintenance and support costs were estimated and converted to their annual costs based on historical cost data collected during the study period. The quality of WASH service was analyzed using forty (40) questionnaires based on the quantity, characteristics (water quality), reliability and affordability of the water supply facilities. The results showed that the Government of Ghana/Partner Agencies provides the investment cost and some aspect of the support cost leaving out the capital maintenance (replacement) and operation and maintenance "costs. The capital maintenance, operation and maintenance costs are paid by the users of the facilities. Normally the Government of Ghana/Partner Agencies ignores operation and minor maintenance and replacement (capital maintenance) which are often paid by the users but as soon as the users fail to pay for these costs, the system breaks down. The quality of service derived from the house connection is high compared to the communal stand pipe connection. The quality of service of water supply in Abono is relatively low compared to that of Petriensa and Kuntanase though the people are willing to pay more for a better service.
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    Rotary drum composting of faecal sludge; case of peri-urban areas in Ashanti Region, Ghana
    (2017-01-24) Appiah-Effah, Eugene
    The main objective of the study was to design and demonstrate the applicability of the rotary drum composter for treating faecal sludge from peri-urban Ghana. The specific objectives were to assess faecal sludge practices and management, assess the perception of peri-urban farmers on faecal sludge compost and its utilization, determine the characteristics of faecal sludge, test the effect of bulking materials and mixing ratios on the quality of peri-urban faecal sludge compost and measure the performance of rotary drum composter on the die off of Ascarisand Trichuriseggs. The study was conducted in six (6) communities (3peri-urban and 3 rural used for comparison) randomly selected from Bosomtwe District, Ejisu-Juaben Municipal and Kumasi Metropolitan Assemblies. The study used desk studies, responses from household surveys, key informant interviews, field observations and experiments to address the objectives. The study showed poor faecal sludge management in both peri-urban and rural areas with no designated locations for faecal sludge treatment and disposal. 63% and 76% of peri-urban and rural areas respectively used public toilet as their main mode of defaecation (p=0.0172). Majority of farmers (about two-thirds) were not aware of the many advantages associated with the use of faecal sludge to fertilize their farms and the benefits that the reuse of faecal sludge has on sanitation issues. Only 34% of the farmers were aware that faecal sludge is a useful source of fertilizer and only 4% use it to fertilize their farms. Farmers seemed to be more concerned about how society will react towards them if they use faecal sludge compost. Generally, the values for electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nutrients, some heavy metals and microbial quantities analysed in both peri-urban and rural sludge were generally high compared to that found in literature. During the testing of bulking materials in different mixing ratios, all the experimental trials were not adequately exposed to high temperatures (above 45 o C) for a sufficient period to guarantee pathogen die off. Faecal sludge in peri-urban areas of Ashanti region of Ghana was highly contaminated with Ascaris and Trichuris eggs. The population of Ascaris and Trichuris decreased significantly in all the rotary drum experimental set ups during the composting process. The study on the assessment of faecal sludge management showed poor faecal sludge management in both peri-urban and rural areas. From the study, the characteristics of faecal sludge varied between peri-urban and rural areas. Maize cobs as bulking material in 1:2 ratio produced best compost during the testing of bulking materials in different mixing ratios. The type of composter had significant impact on the die off of Ascaris and Trichurispopulation with plastic drum with rotating paddle mixer performing best. This research bridges a gap in faecal sludge management as it demonstrates the applicability of the rotary drum technology in faecal sludge composting in peri-urban areas where farming is the main economic activity of majority of the inhabitants