Spatial heterogeneity of malaria in Ghana: a cross-sectional study on the association between urbanicity and the acquisition of immunity
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Date
2016
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BioMed Central
Abstract
Background: Malaria incidence has declined considerably over the last decade. This is partly due to a scale-up
of control measures but is also attributed to increasing urbanization. This study aimed to analyse the association
between malaria and urbanization and the effect of urbanicity on the acquisition of semi-immunity.
Methods: In 2012, children with fever presenting to St Michael’s Hospital Pramso/Ghana were recruited. The
malaria positive-fraction (MPF) of fever cases was calculated on community-level to approximate the malaria risk.
The mean age of malaria cases was calculated for each community to estimate the acquisition of semi-immunity.
The level of urbanicity for the communities was calculated and associations between MPF, urbanicity and immunity
were modelled using linear regression.
Results: Twenty-six villages were included into the study with a mean MPF of 35 %. A linear decrease of 5 % (95 % CI:
4–6 %) in MPF with every ten-point increase in urbanicity was identified. The mean age of malaria patients increased
by 2.9 months (95 % CI: 1.0–4.8) with every ten-point increase in urbanicity.
Discussion: The results confirm an association between an increase in urbanicity and declining malaria risk and dem‑
onstrate that the acquisition of semi-immunity is heterogeneous on a micro-epidemiological scale and is associated
with urbanicity
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This article is published by BioMed Central.
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Citation
Frank et al. Malar J (2016) 15:84 DOI 10.1186/s12936-016-1138-4