Modelling the Transmission Dynamics of Meningitis among High and Low-Risk People in Ghana with Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2022-11-21
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Hindawi
Abstract
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, which covers the brain and spinal cord. Every year, most individuals within sub-
Saharan Africa suffer from meningococcal meningitis. Moreover, tens of thousands of these cases result in death, especially during
major epidemics. The transmission dynamics of the disease keep changing, according to health practitioners. The goal of this study
is to exploit robust mechanisms to manage and prevent the disease at a minimal cost due to its public health implications. A
significant concern found to aid in the transmission of meningitis disease is the movement and interaction of individuals from
low-risk to high-risk zones during the outbreak season. Thus, this article develops a mathematical model that ascertains the
dynamics involved in meningitis transmissions by partitioning individuals into low- and high-risk susceptible groups. After
computing the basic reproduction number, the model is shown to exhibit a unique local asymptotically stability at the meningitisfree
equilibrium E†, when the effective reproduction number R0 < 1, and the existence of two endemic equilibria for which R†0 < R0
< 1 and exhibits the phenomenon of backward bifurcation, which shows the difficulty of relying only on the reproduction number
to control the disease. The effective reproductive number estimated in real time using the exponential growth method affirmed that
the number of secondary meningitis infections will continue to increase without any intervention or policies. To find the best
strategy for minimizing the number of carriers and infected individuals, we reformulated the model into an optimal control model
using Pontryagin’s maximum principles with intervention measures such as vaccination, treatment, and personal protection.
Although Ghana’s most preferred meningitis intervention method is via treatment, the model’s simulations demonstrated that the
best strategy to control meningitis is to combine vaccination with treatment. But the cost-effectiveness analysis results show that
vaccination and treatment are among the most expensive measures to implement. For that reason, personal protection which is the
most cost-effective measure needs to be encouraged, especially among individuals migrating from low- to high-risk meningitis belts.
Description
This article is published by Hindawi 2022 and is also available at https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9084283
Keywords
Citation
Hindawi Abstract and Applied Analysis Volume 2022, Article ID 9084283, 24 pages